[Open-bio-announce] Aded, how the increasing thickness

[Bethell]

Ward to its culmination. It would seem as if, under the menace of the
barbarians, the mind had set for its goal the development of ideas
embryonic in earlier work, formulating them in haste and arresting them
finally in perfect yet sad images, in which the heights attained were
haunted by the shadow of impending ruin. [Illustration: PLATE XI.
LANDSCAPE BY MA LIN Sung Period. Collection of R. Petrucci.] The dynasty
opened with a classical reaction against new ideas and witnessed a
return to Confucian philosophy, with its conception of the State. But
centuries of history had not rolled by without effect. In the tenth and
eleventh centuries the ancient writings were no longer understood with
their original meaning. A whole series of philosophers, of whom the last
is Chu Hsi (thirteenth century), had formulated a composite doctrine
resulting in what might be called an official philosophy, which has
dominated to the present day. Some bold spirits, however, opposed this
reactionary codification, struggling in vain to give a
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